Witmer, L., Ridgely, R. and Sampson, S.: THE EAR REGION, CEREBRAL ENDOCAST, AND CEPHALIC SINUSES OF THE ABELISAURID THEROPOD DINOSAUR MAJUNGATHOLUS
WITMER,
Lawrence, RIDGELY, Ryan, Ohio Univ., Athens, OH; SAMPSON, Scott, Univ. Utah,
Salt Lake City, UT
Detailed
study of the skull of the abelisaurid theropod dinosaur Majungatholus,
based on CT scanning and 3D visualization of specimens discovered from the Late
Cretaceous of Madagascar, allows new insights into cephalic soft tissues.
Separate elements of a disarticulated skull were scanned, and anatomical
structures of interest (e.g., osseous labyrinth, cerebral endocast, pneumatic
sinuses) were extracted (segmented) and rendered in 3D. These datasets were
then registered with a 3D surface model of an articulated cast, allowing the
segmented soft tissues to be viewed in place in the whole skull. The virtual
endocast reveals, as perhaps expected given the taxon’s position as a basal
neotheropod, that the brain did not fill the endocranial cavity and that the
general organization was primitive; the cerebellar flocculus is small.
Likewise, the labyrinth of the inner ear is fairly typical for
non-coelurosaurian theropods. The orientation of the lateral semicircular canal
suggests that the alert head posture was basically horizontal, corresponding to
the position of maximal binocular overlap. Identification of anatomical domains
(e.g., adductor, tympanic, ocular, oropharyngeal), coupled to comparisons with
extant outgroups, clarifies soft-tissue reconstruction. For example, the
boundaries of the epithelial middle ear sac can be identified, and show that
the median pharyngeal pneumatic system probably communicated with the middle
ear. The dorsal and caudal tympanic recesses present in many higher theropods
are absent, but the rostral tympanic recess is present and has an unusual
caudal expansion within the braincase. The frontal bones have a sinus (perhaps
unique among theropods) that is almost certainly of pneumatic origin, deriving
probably from the antorbital diverticulum in the lacrimal bone. The frontal
sinus is variable in extent and is nearly absent in the individual with the
largest cornual process (‘horn’). The lacrimals and particularly the nasals are
extensively pneumatized by more typical antorbital diverticula such that the
volume of the antorbital sinus and its diverticula exceeded the volume of the
main nasal cavity itself.