Chapter Review Assess your understanding of concepts related to this chapter by answering the questions below. Click the question to reveal the correct answer.
Compressional (P) waves generate a back-and-forth motion parallel to the direction of travel. Shear (S) waves move up-and-down perpendicular to the direction of wave transmission. Shear waves do not penetrate molten masses and when they encounter a boundary between two rock types of differing densities, a portion of the wave travels along the boundary while another part returns to the surface.
Sima refers to silica and magnesium, two important elements of the rocks forming the ocean basin like basalt. Sial refers to silica and aluminum, two important elements that comprise the rocks of the continents like granite.
The uppermost part of the mantle includes part of the lithosphere. Below the lithosphere is the asthenosphere, the least rigid portion of the mantle. Finally the mesosphere is the bottom most portion comprised of solid rock.
The core is divided into the inner and outer cores. The inner core is made of solid iron and nickel. The outer core is thought to be molten iron.
Endogenic forces are those driven by Earth's "heat engine" like volcanoes and earthquakes. Exogenic forces are driven by solar radiation like wind and water erosion.
First order relief features are the tectonic plates. Second order relief features are formed by plate interaction, e.g. mountain systems, ocean trenches. Third order relief features are produced by the erosion or deposition e.g., sand dunes, mountain peak.
A mineral is an inorganic substance having a unique crystalline structure while a rock is a combination of minerals.
It is a model of the interrelationships between the three types of rocks and how they form.
Extrusive igneous rock has smaller mineral grains and thus finer texture than intrusive igneous rocks.
Sill - magma intrudes between layers of host rock and solidifies.
Dike - magma solidifies in a near vertical fracture.
Batholith - huge subterranean mass of igneous rock.
Laccolith - magma intrudes between layers of host rock, then warp the overlying layers.
Clastic sedimentary - formed from fragments, example = sandstone.
Chemical (nonclastic) - formed from a precipitate. Example = limestone.
Biologic sedimentary - Compaction of animal remains. Example = coal.
Contact metamorphism occurs along contact zones between pre-existing rock and a cooling pluton.
Regional metamorphism occurs over broad areas of the crust. There are two basic kinds of regional metamorphism: dynamothermal metamorphism - deformation during mountain building.
burial metamorphism - occurs in deep basins where sediments or sedimentary rocks have accumulated.
Foliated metamorphic rocks display banding of minerals, nonfoliated do not.
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