Arthur R. Smith
Publication List
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earliest
2024
109. Accommodating
a hexagonal z -
phase Mn2 N film on a cubic MgO
(001) substrate , Ashok
Shrestha, Juan Carlos Moreno Hernandez, Ali Abbas,
Gregorio Hernandez Cocoletzi, Noboru Takeuchi, David
C. Ingram, and Arthur R. Smith, Applied Surface
Science 664 , 160152 (2024).
108. Co-deposition
of bismuth-nitrogen films on MgO (001) by
molecular beam epitaxy , Ashok Shrestha, Ali
Abbas, David C. Ingram, and Arthur R. Smith, Journal of Vacuum Science &
Technology A 42 , 023407 (2024).
2023
107. Exploring
the interfacial structure and crystallinity for
direct growth of Mn3 Sn(0001) on
sapphire (0001) by molecular beam epitaxy , S.
Upadhyay, T. Erickson, H. Hall, A. Shrestha, D. C.
Ingram, K. Sun, J. C. M. Hernandez, G. H. Cocoletzi, N.
Takeuchi, and A. R. Smith, Surfaces and Interfaces
42 , 103379 (2023).
106. A Study of
the Structure, Structural Transition, Interface Model,
and Magnetic Moments of CrN Grown on MgO(001) by
Molecular Beam Epitaxy , Khan Alam, Rodrigo
Ponce-Pérez, Kai Sun, Andrew Foley, Noboru Takeuchi, and
Arthur R. Smith, Journal of Vacuum Science &
Technology A 41 , 053411 (2023).
105. Molecular beam epitaxy and
crystal structure of majority a-plane-oriented and
substrate-strained Mn3 Sn thin films grown
directly on sapphire (0001) , Sneha Upadhyay, Tyler
Erickson, Hannah Hall, Ashok Shrestha, David C. Ingram,
Kai Sun, Juan Carlos Moreno Hernandez, Gregorio
Hernandez Cocoletzi, Noboru Takeuchi, and Arthur R.
Smith, Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A
41 , 042710 (2023).
2021
104. Investigating
the magnetic and atomic interface configuration for a
model Fe/CrN bilayer system , Khan Alam, Rodrigo
Ponce-Pérez, Kai Sun, Andrew Foley, Noboru Takeuchi, and
Arthur R. Smith, Journal of Vacuum Science &
Technology A 39 , 063209 (2021).
103. Noncollinear
magnetic configurations and substrate-mediated
interactions in Mn trimers on the GaN(000-1) surface ,
Diego Hunt, María Andrea Barral, Arthur R. Smith, and
Valeria Ferrari, Physical Review B 103 ,
094418 (2021).
102. Surface
structures of magnetostrictive D03 -Fe3 Ga(001) ,
Ricardo Ruvalcaba, Joseph P. Corbett, Andrada-Oana Mandru,
Noboru Takeuchi, Arthur R.Smith, and Jonathan
Guerrero-Sanchez, Applied Surface Science 553 ,
149488 (2021).
2020
101. Local
strain-dependent electronic structure and perpendicular
magnetic anisotropy of a MnGaN 2D magnetic monolayer ,
Yingqiao Ma, Diego Hunt, Kengyuan Meng, Tyler Erickson,
Fengyuan Yang, María Andrea Barral, Valeria Ferrari, and
Arthur R. Smith, Physical Review Materials 4 ,
064006 (2020).
100. Exchange
Bias and Exchange Spring Effects in Fe/CrN Bilayers ,
Khan Alam, Keng-Yuan Meng, Rodrigo Ponce-Perez, Gregorio
H. Cocoletzi, Noboru Takeuchi, Andrew Foley, Fengyuan
Yang, and Arthur R. Smith, Journal of Physics D:
Applied Physics 53 , 125001 (2020).
2019
99. Nitrogen-induced
reconstructions on the Cr (001) surface , Emiliano
Ventura-Macias*, J. Guerrero-Sánchez, Joseph P. Corbett,
Arthur R. Smith, and Noboru Takeuchi, Applied Surface
Science 484 , 578 (2019).
98. Dislocation
Structures, Interfacing, and Magnetism in the L10 -MnGa
on h -perp-Mn3 N2
bilayer , J. P. Corbett, J. Guerrero-Sanchez, J. C.
Gallagher, A.-O. Mandru, A. L. Richard, D. C. Ingram, F.
Yang, N. Takeuchi, and A. R. Smith, Journal of Vacuum
Science & Technology A 37 , 031102
(2019).
2018
97. Applying
a Difference Ratio Method in Spin-Polarized Scanning
Tunneling Microscopy to Determine Crystalline
Anisotropies and Antiferromagnetic Spin Alignment in
Cr(001) c(2x2) , Joseph P. Corbett and Arthur R.
Smith, Journal of Magnetism & Magnetic Materials
465 , 626 (2018).
96. Structural,
Electronic, and Magnetic Properties of the CrN(001)
Surface: First-principles Studies , Rodrigo
Ponce-Perez, Khan Alam, Gregorio H. Cocoletzi, Noboru
Takeuchi, and Arthur R. Smith, Applied Surface Science
454 , 350 (2018).
95. A
Two-Dimensional Manganese Gallium Nitride Surface
Structure Showing Ferromagnetism at Room Temperature ,
Yingqiao Ma, Abhijit V. Chinchore, Arthur R. Smith, María
Andrea Barral, and Valeria Ferrari, Nano Letters 18 ,
158 (2018).
2017
94. Structural and Magnetic Phase
Transitions in Chromium Nitride Thin Films Grown by RF
Nitrogen Plasma Molecular Beam Epitaxy , Khan
Alam, Steven M. Disseler, William D. Ratcliff, Julie A.
Borchers, Rodrigo Ponce‐Perez, Gregorio H. Cocoletzi, Noboru
Takeuchi, Andrew Foley, Andrea Richard, David C. Ingram, and
Arthur R. Smith , Physical Review B
96 , 104433 (2017).
93. Surface Structures of L10 ‐MnGa
(001) By Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and
First‐Principles Theory , Joseph P. Corbett,
Jonathan Guerrero‐Sanchez, Andrea L. Richard, David C.
Ingram, Noboru Takeuchi, and Arthur R. Smith ,
Applied Surface Science 422 , 985 (2017).
92. Structural, electronic and
magnetic properties of the MnGa(111)‐1x2 and 2x2
reconstructions: spin polarized first principles total
energy calculations , Reyes Garcia‐Diaz, Gregorio H.
Cocoletzi, Andrada‐Oana Mandru, Kangkang Wang; Arthur R
Smith; and Noboru Takeuchi , Applied Surface
Science 419 , 286 (2017).
91. Contribution from Ising domains
overlapping out‐of‐plane to perpendicular magnetic
anisotropy in Mn4 N thin films on MgO(001) ,
Andrew Foley, Joseph Corbett,
Khan Alam, Andrea L. Richard, David C. Ingram, Arthur R.
Smith, Lianshui Zhao, James C. Gallagher, and Fengyuan
Yang , Journal
of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 439 , 236
(2017).
2016
90. Magnetostrictive Iron Gallium
Thin Films Grown onto Antiferromagnetic Manganese
Nitride: Structure and Magnetism , Andrada-Oana Mandru, Joseph P. Corbett, Andrea L. Richard, James Gallagher, Keng-Yuan Meng, David C. Ingram,
Fengyuan Yang, and Arthur R. Smith , Appl.
Phys. Lett. 109 , 142402 (2016).
89. Structural and Magnetic
Properties of Ferrimagnetic e -phase
Mn4 N and Antiferromagnetic z -phase Mn10 N Thin
Films on MgO(001) , Andrew Foley, Joseph
Corbett, Andrea L. Richard, Khan Alam, David C. Ingram, and
Arthur R. Smith, Journal of Crystal Growth 446 , 60 (2016).
88. Structure and
Magnetism in Ga-rich MnGa/GaN Thin Films and Unexpected
Giant Perpendicular Anisotropy in the Ultra-Thin Film
Limit , Andrada-Oana Mandru, Joseph P. Corbett, Jeremy
M. Lucy, Andrea L. Richard, Fengyuan Yang, David C. Ingram,
and Arthur R. Smith, Appl. Surf. Sci. 367 ,
312 (2016).
87. Understanding
the Stability of Fe Incorporation within Mn3 N2 (001)
Surfaces: An ab-initio Study , Jonathan
Guerrero-Sanchez, Andrada-Oana Mandru, Noboru Takeuchi,
Gregorio H. Cocoletzi, and Arthur R. Smith, Appl. Surf.
Sci. 363 , 651 (2016).
2015
86. Structural,
Electronic, and Magnetic Properties of Mn3 N2 (001)
Surfaces , Jonathan Guerrero-Sanchez, Andrada-Oana
Mandru, Kangkang Wang, Noboru Takeuchi, Gregorio H.
Cocoletzi, and Arthur R. Smith, Appl.
Surf. Sci. 355 , 623 (2015).
85. Molecular Beam
Epitaxial Growth and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Studies of the Gallium Rich Trench Line Structure on
N-polar w-GaN(000-1) , Zakia Alhashem, Andrada-Oana
Mandru, Jeongihm Pak, and Arthur R. Smith, J.
Vac. Sci. Technol . A 33 , 061404 (2015).
84. Surface Structure of
Manganese Gallium Quantum Height Islands on Wurtzite
GaN(0001 ) Studied by Scanning Tunneling
Microscopy , Jeongihm Pak, Andrada-Oana Mandru,
Abhijit Chinchore, and Arthur R. Smith, Applied
Physics A 120 , 1027 (2015).
83. Interface Formation for a
Ferromagnetic/Antiferromagnetic Bilayer System Studied
by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and First-Principles
Theory , Andrada-Oana Mandru, Jeongihm Pak, Arthur R.
Smith, Jonathan Guerrero-Sanchez, and Noboru Takeuchi, Phys.
Rev. B 91 , 094433 (2015).
82. Native Gallium
Adatoms Discovered on Atomically-Smooth Gallium Nitride
Surfaces at Low Temperature , Khan Alam, Andrew Foley,
and Arthur R. Smith, Nano Letters 15 , 2079
(2015).
81. Note: Advancement
in Tip Etching for Preparation of Tunable Size Scanning
Tunneling Microscopy Tips , Joseph Perry Corbett, Sneha
G. Pandya, Andrada Oana Mandru, Jeongihm Pak, Martin E.
Kordesch, and Arthur R. Smith, Review of Scientific
Instruments 86 , 026104 (2015).
2014
80. Iron on GaN(0001) pseudo-1x1 (1 +
1/12) Investigated by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and
First Principles Theory , Wenzhi Lin, Andrada-Oana
Mandru, Arthur R. Smith, Noboru Takeuchi, and Hamad A. H.
Al-Brithen, Applied Physics Letters 104 ,
171607 (2014).
79. Facility for
Low-Temperature Spin-Polarized-Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Studies of Magnetic/Spintronic Materials Prepared In-situ by
Nitride Molecular Beam Epitaxy , Wenzhi Lin, Andrew
Foley, Khan Alam, Kangkang Wang, Yinghao Liu, Tianjiao Chen,
Jeongihm Pak, and Arthur R. Smith, Review of Scientific
Instruments 85 , 043702 (2014).
2013
78. Heteroepitaxial
Growth and Surface Structure of L10 -MnGa(111)
Ultra-thin Films on GaN(0001) , Andrada-Oana Mandru,
Reyes Garcia Diaz, Kangkang Wang, Kevin Cooper, Muhammad
Haider, David C. Ingram, Noboru Takeuchi, and Arthur R. Smith,
Applied Physics Letters 103 , 161606 (2013).
77. Manganese 3x3 and rt3 x
rt3-R30o Structures and Structural Phase Transition
on w-GaN(000-1) Studied by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and
First-principles Theory , Abhijit V. Chinchore, Kangkang
Wang, Meng Shi, Andrada Mandru, Yinghao Liu, Muhammad Haider,
Arthur R. Smith, Valeria Ferrari, Maria Andrea Barral, and Pablo
Ordejon, Physical Review B 87 , 165426 (2013).
2012
76. Formation of
Manganese Delta-doped Atomic Layer in Wurtzite GaN , Meng
Shi, Abhijit Chinchore, Kangkang Wang, Andrada-Oana Mandru,
Yinghao Liu, and Arthur R. Smith, Journal of Applied Physics
112 , 053517 (2012).
75. Three-Dimensional
Spin Mapping of Antiferromagnetic Nanopyramids Having
Spatially Alternating Surface Anisotropy at Room Temperature , Kangkang Wang and Arthur R. Smith, Nano
Letters 12 , 5443 (2012).
74. Spontaneous Formation
of Quantum Height Manganese Gallium Islands and Atomic
Chains on N-polar Gallium Nitride(000-1) , Abhijit Chinchore, Kangkang Wang, Meng Shi,
Yinghao Liu, and Arthur R. Smith, Applied Physics Letters
100 , 061602 (2012).
2011
73. The effect of growth
parameters on CrN thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy , Yinghao H. Liu, Kangkang Wang,
Wenzhi Lin, Abhijit Chinchore, Meng Shi, Jeongihm Pak, Arthur
R. Smith, and Costel Constantin, Thin Solid Films 520 , 90 (2011) .
72. Efficient Kinematical
Simulation of Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction
Streak Patterns for Crystal Surfaces , Kangkang Wang and
Arthur R. Smith, Computer Physics Communications 182 , 2208 (2011) .
71. A Modular Designed
Ultra-High-Vacuum Spin-Polarized Scanning Tunneling
Microscope with Controllable Magnetic Fields for
Investigating Epitaxial Thin Films , Kangkang Wang,
Wenzhi Lin, Abhijit V. Chinchore, Yinghao Liu, and Arthur R.
Smith, Review of Scientific Instruments 82 , 053703 (2011).
70. Structural
Controlled Magnetic Anisotropy in Heusler L10 -MnGa
Epitaxial Thin Films , Kangkang Wang, Erdong Lu, Jacob W. Knepper,
Fengyuan Yang, and Arthur R. Smith, Applied Physics
Letters 98 ,
162507 (2011).
69. Two-Dimensional Mn Structure
on the GaN Growth Surface and Evidence for Room-Temperature
Spin Ordering , Kangkang Wang, Noboru Takeuchi, Abhijit
Chinchore, Wenzhi Lin, Yinghao Liu, and Arthur R. Smith, Physical
Review B 83 ,
165407 (2011).
68. Reflection High Energy Electron
Diffraction and Atomic Force Microscopy Studies of Mnx Sc1-x
Alloys Grown on MgO(001) Substrates by Molecular Beam
Epitaxy , Costel Constantin,
Abhijit Chinchore, and Arthur R. Smith, Mater.
Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. (2011), 1295 : mrsf10-1295-n05-37;
doi:10.1557/opl.2011.458.
67. Structural, Magnetic, and Electronic
Properties of Dilute MnScN(001) Grown by RF Nitrogen Plasma
Molecular Beam Epitaxy , Costel Constantin,
Kangkang Wang, Abhijit Chinchore, Han-Jong Chia, John Markert
and Arthur R. Smith, Mater. Res. Soc.
Symp. Proc. (2011), 1290 :
mrsf10-1290-i08-02; doi:10.1557/opl.2011.178.
2010
66. Growth of Epitaxial Iron
Nitride Ultrathin Film on Zinc-Blende Gallium Nitride ,
Jeongihm Pak, Wenzhi Lin, Kangkang Wang, Abhijit Chinchore,
Meng Shi, David C. Ingram, Arthur R. Smith, Kai Sun, J. M.
Lucy, A. J. Hauser, and F. Y. Yang, J. Vac. Sci. Technol.
A 28(4) , 536
(2010).
65. Lattice
Parameter
Variation
in
ScGaN
Alloy
Thin
Films
on
MgO(001)
Grown
by
RF
Plasma
Molecular Beam Epitaxy , Costel Constantin, Jeongihm Pak,
Kangkang Wang, Abhijit Chinchore, Shi Meng, Arthur R Smith, Mater.
Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 1202 , 1202-I05-25 (2010).
64. Magnetic
and Electronic Properties of Fe0.1 Sc0.9 N/ScN(001)/MgO(001)
Films Grown by Radio-Frequency Molecular Beam Epitaxy ,
Costel Constantin, Kangkang Wang, Abhijit Chinchore, Han-Jong
Chia, John Markert, Arthur R Smith, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp.
Proc. Vol. 1198 ,
1198-E07-22 (2010).
2009
63. Epitaxial Growth of Ferromagnetic
Delta-phase Manganese Gallium on Semiconducting Scandium
Nitride (001) , Kangkang Wang, Abhijit Chinchore,
Wenzhi Lin, David C. Ingram, Arthur R. Smith, Adam J. Hauser,
and Fengyuan Yang, Journal of Crystal Growth 311 , 2265 (2009).
62. Delta-Phase Manganese Gallium on
Gallium Nitride: a Magnetically Tunable Spintronic System ,
Kangkang Wang, Abhijit Chinchore, Wenzhi Lin, Arthur R. Smith,
and Kai Sun, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1118 ,
K06.06 (2009).
2008
61. Atomic Layer Structure of Manganese
Atoms on Wurtzite Gallium Nitride (000-1) ,
Abhijit Chinchore, Kangkang Wang, Wenzhi Lin, Jeongihm Pak, and
Arthur R. Smith, Applied Physics Letters 93(18) ,
181908 (2008).
2007
60. Molecular Beam Epitaxial Growth of Zinc-Blende
FeN(111) on Wurtzite GaN(0001) , Wenzhi Lin, Jeongihm Pak, David C.
Ingram, and Arthur R. Smith, Journal of Alloys and
Compounds 463 ,
257 (2008) ( Available online 16 October 2007).
2006
59. Surface Reconstructions of
Cubic GaN(001) Grown by Radio Frequency Nitrogen Plasma
Molecular Beam Epitaxy Under Gallium-rich Conditions ,
Muhammad B. Haider, Rong Yang, Costel Constantin, Erdong Lu,
Arthur R. Smith, and Hamad A. H. Al-Brithen, Journal of
Applied Physics 100(08) ,
083516 (2006).
58. Reconstruction Control of
Magnetic Properties during Epitaxial Growth of Ferromagnetic
Mn3-dGa on Wurtzite GaN(0001) , Erdong Lu, David C. Ingram,
Arthur R. Smith, J. W. Knepper, and F. Y. Yang, Physical
Review Letters 97 , 146101 (2006).
2005
52.
Room
Temperature Ferromagnetism in CrGaN: Dependence on Growth
Conditions in rf N-Plasma Molecular Beam Epitaxy ,
Muhammad B. Haider, Rong Yang, Hamad Al-Brithen, Costel
Constantin, David Ingram, Arthur R. Smith, Gabriel Caruntu,
and Charles J. O'Connor, Journal
of Crystal Growth 285(3) , 300 (2005).
51. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and
Surface Simulation of Zinc-Blende GaN(001) Intrinsic 4x Reconstruction:
Linear Gallium Tetramers? , Hamad A. AL-Brithen, Rong Yang,
Muhammad B. Haider, Costel Constantin, Erdong Lu, Arthur R.
Smith, Nancy Sandler, and Pablo Ordejon, Physical Review
Letters 95 , 146102 (2005).
2004
43.
Aspects of
Spin-Polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscopy at the Atomic
Scale: Experiment, Theory, and Simulation , Arthur
R. Smith, Rong Yang, Haiqiang Yang, Walter R. L. Lambrecht,
Alexey Dick, and Joerg Neugebauer, Surface Science 561(2-3) ,
154 (2004).
2003
41. Bias-Voltage Dependence in
Atomic-Scale Spin Polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Mn3 N2
(010) , Arthur R. Smith, Rong Yang, and Haiqiang
Yang, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp.
Proc. 803 , 30 (2003).
40. Mixing Rocksalt
and Wurtzite Structure Binary Nitrides to Form Novel Ternary
Alloys: ScGaN and MnGaN , Costel Constantin, Hamad
Al-Brithen,
Muhammad B. Haider,
David Ingram, and Arthur R. Smith, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 799 , 339 (2003).
39.
Ga/N Flux Ratio Influence on Mn
Incorporation, Surface Morphology, and Lattice Polarity During
Radio Frequency Molecular Beam Epitaxy of (Ga,Mn)N ,
Muhammad B. Haider, Costel Constantin, Hamad Al-Brithen,
Haiqiang Yang, Eugen Trifan, David Ingram, Arthur R. Smith, C.
V. Kelly and Y. Ijiri, Journal of Applied Physics 93(9) ,
5274 (2003).
2002
37.
Phase Stability, Nitrogen Vacancies,
Growth Mode, and Surface Structure of ScN(001) Under Sc-rich
Conditions , Hamad A. H. Al-Brithen, Eugen M. Trifan, David
C. Ingram, Arthur R. Smith, and Daniel Gall, Journal of
Crystal Growth 242 , 345 (2002).
2001
2000
32.
Surface Morphology of GaN Surfaces
during Molecular Beam Epitaxy ,
R. M. Feenstra, Huajie Chen, V. Ramachandran, C. D. Lee, A.
R. Smith, J. E. Northrup, T. Zywietz, J. Neugebauer, and D. W.
Greve, Surface Science Review and Letters 7 , 601
(2000).
1999
27. Temperature Dependence
of Molecular Beam Epitaxy of GaN on SiC(0001) , V.
Ramachandran, A. R. Smith, R. M. Feenstra, and D. W. Greve, J.
Vac. Sci. Technol. A 17:(4), 1289 (1999).
26. Scanning
Tunneling Microscopy Studies of InGaN Growth by Molecular Beam
Epitaxy , Huajie Chen, A. R. Smith, R. M. Feenstra, D. W.
Greve, and J. E. Northrup, MRS Internet Journal of Nitride
Semiconductor Research 4S1, G9.5 (1999).
25. GaN(0001) Surface
Structures Studied Using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and
First-Principles Total Energy Calculations , A. R. Smith,
R. M. Feenstra, D. W. Greve, M.-S. Shin, M. Skowronski, J.
Neugebauer, and J. E. Northrup, Surface Science 423 ,
70 (1999).
1998
21.
Two-dimensional
pn-junction Delineation and Individual Dopant Identification
using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy/Spectroscopy , Kuo-Jen
Chao, Arthur R. Smith, Andrew J. McDonald, Dim-Lee Kwong, Ben G.
Streetman, and Chih-Kang Shih, J. Vac. Sci Technol. B 16 ,
453 (1998).
20. Wurtzite GaN Surface
Structures Studied by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and
Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction , A. R. Smith,
V. Ramachandran, R. M. Feenstra, D. W. Greve, M.-S. Shin, M.
Skowronski, J. Neugebauer, and J. E. Northrup, J. Vac. Sci.
Technol. A 16 , 1641 (1998).
19.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of the
GaN(000-1) Surface , A. R. Smith, R. M. Feenstra, D. W.
Greve, J. Neugebauer, and J. E. Northrup, Applied Physics A
66 , S947 (1998).
18. Preparation of Atomically
Flat Surfaces on Silicon Carbide Using Hydrogen Etching ,
V. Ramachandran, M.F. Brady, A.R. Smith, R.M. Feemstra, and D.W.
Greve, Journal of Electronic Materials 27(4) , 308 (1998).
1997
17.
Scanning
tunneling microscopy observation of surface reconstruction of
GaN on sapphire and 6H-SiC , A.R. Smith, V. Ramachandran,
R.M. Feenstra, D.W. Greve, J. Neugebauer, J.E. Northrup, M. Shin
& M. Skowronski, MRS Online Proceedings Library 482,
428–433 (1997).
16. Reconstructions of the
GaN(000-1) Surface , A. R. Smith, R. M. Feenstra, D. W.
Greve, J. Neugebauer, and J. E. Northrup, Physical Review
Letters 79 , 3934 (1997).
1996
1995
1994
1993
3. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Doping
and Compositional III-V Homo- and Heterostructures , S. Gwo,
K.-J. Chao, A. R. Smith, C. K. Shih, K. Sadra,
and B. G.
Streetman, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 11 , 1509
(1993).
1992
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Arthur R. Smith
Wed Jun 25 15:12:27 EDT 1997